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agents & informants |strength2 = |casualties1= |casualties2= }} Military intelligence on the V-1 and V-2 weapons〔Jones R. V. (1978)〕 developed by the Germans for attacks on the United Kingdom during the Second World War was important to countering them. Intelligence came from a number of sources and the Anglo-American intelligence agencies used it to assess the threat of the German V-weapons. The activities included use of the Double Cross System for counter-intelligence and the British (code named) "Big Ben" project to reconstruct and evaluate German missile technology〔 for which Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and the USSR provided assistance. German counter-intelligence ruses were used to mislead the Allies about V-1 launch sites and the Peenemünde Army Research Center which were targeted for attacks by the Allies. ==Timeline== PR — aerial photographic reconnaissance 20px- exchange of early stray V2 rocket. 20px — events regarding Nazi Germany V-weapon planning 20px — locations in Occupied France ((ドイツ語:Nordfrankreich)) 20px — Polish reports of the Armia Krajowa 20px, 20px — events regarding Anglo-American intelligence 12px, 12px, 12px — military operations (RAF, US, Luftwaffe)〔 1940: (May-June (Battle of France) ), (June-October (Battle of Britain) ) (July-December ), 1941: (January-April ) (May-August ) (September- December ) 1942: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1943: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1944: (January ), (February ) (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ) ((D-Day )), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1945 (January ), (February ), (March ), (April )〕〔 1942: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1943: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1944: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September ), (October ), (November ), (December ) 1945: (January ), (February ), (March ), (April ), (May ), (June ), (July ), (August ), (September )〕 {|class="wikitable sortable" |+Chronology ! width=8% | Date ! width=8% | Location/Topic ! Event |- | 1939-11-02 | Oslo Report |20px German scientist Hans Ferdinand Mayer sent information and a sample of German technology to the British embassy in Oslo. He warned the British of current German technology including radar and planned German secret weapons such as rockets and winged missiles. Reception of the report was mixed with some believing it to be misdirection. Some of the information was second-hand and proved to be incorrect. "Head of the Scientific Section of M.I.6"). |- | 1942-05-15 | Peenemünde: P-7 |12px The Peenemunde research centre was photographed by a reconnaissance Spitfire. The photographs showed "unusual" circular embankments (Test Stand VII but these were "dismissed". |- | 1943-01-19 | Peenemünde |20px The US requested photoreconnaissance of Usedom island.〔 |- | 1943-03-22 | |20px Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma, a General captured in North Africa was secretly recorded while in a British prison. In conversation with another fellow prisoner-of-war he disclosed he had seen the launch of a "huge" rocket〔 circa 1936-7. |- | 1943-04-22 | Peenemünde: P-7 |12px de Havilland Mosquito ''DZ473'' was carrying out bomb damage assessment on Stettin. On leaving Stettin, they left their cameras "running all down the north coast of Germany." The photograph interpreters at RAF Medmenham noticed an object of 〔 —an "enormous cloud of steam" that had disappeared 4 seconds later in the subsequent image. The "object" was both the cooling steam from leaky flame deflector pipes and the flames of a V-2 motor at the end of a test〔 being directed horizontally by the P-7 flame trenches. |- | | Peenemünde |20px The senior US intelligence representative in Switzerland (Allen Dulles) identified Peenemünde to the US.〔 In 1943, agent "George Wood" began providing Dulles with intelligence. |- | 1943-05-17 |20px Watten |12px After an agent had reported "enormous trenches" at Watten during April, photoreconnaissance showed the Nord-Pas-de-Calais site was "a large rail-, and canal-served clearing in the woods, possibly a gravel pit." 12px The Watten blockhouse which was being constructed for launching V-2s was bombed for the first time on August 27 as a suspected V-1 flying bomb site. |- | 1943-05-14 | Peenemünde: P-7 | Two sorties photographed an "unusually high level of activity" at "the Ellipse" (the Reich Director of Manpower was visiting for a V-2 test launch). |- | 1943-06-04 | Peenemünde |20px R.V. Jones received a Luxembourger's smuggled sketch of northwestern Usedom island via the "Famille Martin" network.. Also in June, agent Leon Henri Roth at Peenemünde reported "development of a large rocket which made a noise resembling that of 'a squadron at low altitude." Foreign forced laborers of the V-2 test center were housed at Camp Trassenheide, and two reports beginning in June from the camp (sent via Spain) identified the "rocket assembly hall", "experimental pit", and "launching tower". |- | 1943-06-12 | |12px Mosquito PR sortie N/853〔 showed: "a white-ish cylinder about 35 feet long and 5 or so feet in diameter with fins" (R.V. Jones)〔 |- | 1943-06-22 |20px |20px A disgruntled officer in a German High Command weapons department reported "winged' missiles… Thirty catapults had been constructed…fifteen were already serviceable."〔 12pxAt Peenemünde-West on December 24, 1942, the first ramp-launched V-1 traveled 3,000 yards〔 and was the first flight powered by the Argus As 014 pulse jet engine. |- | 1943-06-23 | Peenemünde: P-7 |12px PR by a No. 540 Squadron RAF Mosquito PR.4 showed two V-2s〔 which were identified by interpreter André Kenny. |- | 1943-06-29 | Peenemünde |20px Churchill and the Cabinet Defence Committee (Operations) reviewed V-2 intelligence: "Peenemünde is … beyond the range of our radio navigation beams and … we must bomb by moonlight, although the German night fighters will be close at hand and it is too far to send our own. Nevertheless, we must attack it on the heaviest possible scale."〔 〕 |- | 1943-07-26 | Peenemünde |12px Mosquito PR prior to the Hydra attack detected new anti-aircraft guns and a row of six smoke generators. |- | 1943-08-16 | Peenemünde |Two days prior to the Operation Hydra attack on the scientists quarters, workshops, and experimental facilities, a Westland Lysander picked up French agent Lèon Faye who carried "a detailed report of the top secret V-weapon rocket development at Peenemünde" to England.〔 (cited by Middlebrook p. 39)〕 |- | 1943-08-22 | Denmark |An air-launched test of an overfuelled V-1 from the "G.A.F. Research Center, Karlshagen" (Peenemunde), crashed on Bornholm, and Hasager Christiansen obtained photos of the automatic pilot, compressed air cylinder, main fuselage and wings before the German recovery team arrived. |- | 1943-09 | Peenemünde: P-7 |PR showed P-7 bomb craters,〔 but Peenemünde personnel had fabricated post-Hydra bomb damage by creating craters in the sand, by blowing-up lightly damaged and minor buildings, and by painting "black and white lines to simulate charred beams". Research and development on the V-2 continued promptly despite Operation Hydra, and the next V-2 test launch was 49 days later. |- | 1943-09-07 |20px |20px An Ultra intercept identified that an agent tasked with gathering rocket intelligence had been captured (Amniarix survived the war). |- | 1943-09-19 | |20px The Questionnaire…to establish the practicability…of the German Long-Range Rocket was distributed regarding the interpretation of V-2 intelligence: "''it is not without precedent for the Germans to have succeeded while we doubted: the beams are a sufficient example.''" (September 25, R. V. Jones) vs. "''at the end of the war, when we knew the full story we should find that the ''(ton )'' rocket was a mare's nest''" (October 25, Lord Cherwell). |- | 1943-09-28 |20px V-3 cannon |20px The Central Interpretation Unit issued a report on the Marquise-Mimoyecques site (12px1st bombed November 5 as a suspected V-2 launch bunker). |- | 1943-09-30 |20px | 133 V-weapon facilities had been photographed by the PRU〔 〕 including V-1 flying bomb storage depots in Occupied France under construction since August. (They were not used for the modified sites.) |- | 1943-09 |20px |20px After a Réseau AGIR informant reported unusual construction in Upper Normandy, Michel Hollard smuggled a report via Switzerland that identified 6 V-1 sites.〔 |- | 1943-10 |20px Bois Carré |20px The Réseau AGIR reported the Bois Carré V-1 site (1.4 km east of Yvrench) had "''a concrete platform with centre axis pointing directly to London''".〔 The network reconnoitered 104〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Eurostar remembers Michel Hollard )〕 V-1 facilities and provided rough sketches such as one by André Comps of Bois Carré.〔 〕 Comps copied the blueprints after Hollard had him infiltrate the site as a draughtsman. |- | 1943-10-03 |20px Siracourt |12px No. 542 Squadron RAF photographed the Siracourt bunker〔 (12px1st bombed January 31, 1944).〔 |- | | |20px The PR image of a object with fins" and a blunt nose (later identified as a V-2 without warhead) was code named ''Bodyline''. |- | 1943-10-21 |20px |PR was ordered for the whole of Northern France.〔 |- | 1943-10-28 |20px Bois Carré |12px PR by Plt Off R A Hosking in Mosquito LR424〔 of No. 540 Squadron RAF was the first to show "''ski-shaped buildings''" at the Bois Carré (Yvrench) site. |- | 1943-11-03 |20px Bois Carré |12px PR by Mosquito on No. 541 Squadron RAF sortie E/463 confirmed existence of a concrete platform with axis pointing directly towards London, as informed by an agent infiltrating the Bois Carré (Yvrench) construction site.〔 |- | 1943-11-28 | Peenemünde-West |12px Mosquito PR by Sqn Ldr Merrifield and F/O Whalley〔 (scheduled by Jones for a likely V-1 launch time), photographed a "midget aircraft" on the ramp at the edge of the Peenemünde-West airfield, which Babington-Smith detected on December 1. An additional ramp was between Zinnowitz and Zempin, and the small aircraft was code named 'Peenemünde 20'. |- | 1943-11 |20px |72 "ski sites" had been photographed.〔 |- | 1943-12-04 |20px |PR was again conducted across Northern France〔 just before the December 5 start of "''Crossbow Operations Against Ski Sites''", which the Combined Chiefs of Staff authorized on December 2.〔 12pxThe Ninth Air Force conducted the first attack (3 sites at Ligescourt), and the 1st major strike on ski sites by VIII Bomber Command was December 24. |- |1944-01-04 | The Pentagon Eglin Field |20px 20px Brigadier Napier of the Ministry of Supply briefed the US military regarding German long range weapon intelligence, and General Ismay directed reports be shared with the US. The US "Crossbow Committee" under General Stephen Henry of the New Developments Division〔 〕 first met on January 6 after forming on December 29. In February and March, the US used technical intelligence data to build full-size replicas of ski site buildings to plan bombing tactics.〔 |- | 1944-02 | Peenemunde: P-7 |PR showed roads north of the ellipse that matched roadways later discovered after the Normandy Invasion at the Château de Molay V-2 site. |- | 1944-02-25 | |20px The 1st transportable V-1 catapult ramp was ready (95 were ready by the end of March). Ramp sections built by the HWK in Kiel were hidden from PR until enough V-1s were ready for an initial assault. An October 22/23, 1943, area bombing had wrecked Kassel homes of Fieseler workers, delaying their transfer to the new V-1 plant at Rothwesten and as a result, delaying "''the final trials of the ''()'' weapon's power unit, control-gear, diving mechanism, compass and air-log''" until February and production for "three or four" months.〔 (cited by Mets p. 239, which has the "three or four" numbers)〕 |- | 1944-03 |20px |20px A plan for underground concealment of a total of 5000 V-1s to supply 8 depots (each holding 250 more for the modified launchers) was initiated for〔 Nucourt's limestone caves, Rilly-la-Montagne's rail tunnel, and Saint-Leu-d'Esserent's mushroom caves.〔 Also in March, the Brécourt V-2 bunker was ordered to be converted to a V-1 bunker. |- | 1944-03 | Poland |20px 20px Intelligence headquarters received a Polish report of "''an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo''" on a Blizna railroad car that was heavily guarded by SS troops.〔 The first V-2 training launch at Blizna had been on November 5, 1943, after Major Weber's experimental staff at Köslin and Experimental Battery 444 transferred to Blizna at the end of October.〔 〕 In May, the 953 (Semi-Mobile) Artillery Detachment started Abteilungen ((英語:firing detachment)) training at Blizna for operations at Wizernes, and Ultra decoded Enigma messages about the transfer to Blizna. |- | 1944-04-22 |20px |20px The Crossbow Committee issued a revised ski site diagram based on a January 20 sketch. 12px12pxBy the end of March, Anglo-American attacks had destroyed nine ski sites and seriously damaged 35 more.〔 On April 19 at the request of the War Cabinet, General Eisenhower had designated Crossbow targets as the highest priority for the Combined Bomber Offensive. |- | 1944-04-26 |20px "Belhamelin, near Cherbourg" |PR identified the 1st camouflaged "modified" site,〔 and 12 more were identified within days.〔 〕 The V-1 launch site design had been modified for simplicity and to use transportable catapult sections, making them "''more difficult to discover and easy to replace''", bombing more difficult, and completion time relatively short when V-1 supplies were sufficient. Crossbow continued bombing the obsolete and heavily damaged "ski sites" due to a German ruse to portray they were being repaired.〔 Additionally, espionage became more difficult as only German & prisoner/forced labor was used for "modified" sites instead of the previously-used French construction firms.〔 |- | 1944-04 | Mittelwerk |20px An intelligence report identified "''Sixty flat cars left the plant; three cars had two rockets each in them.''" Reports came from 2 Polish laborers of the Mittelbau-Dora camp.〔 〕 |- | 1944-05-05 | Poland |20px PR of "the flying bomb compound" at Blizna contained an image of a rocket that R. V. Jones subsequently recognized on July 17. |- | 1944-06-06 |20px |61 modified sites had been photographed, and 83 of 96 ski sites had been destroyed (only 2 of the ski sites launched V-1s).〔 |- | 1944-06-10 | Belgium |20px A Belgian agent reported 33 railcars (carrying 99 V-1s) had passed through Ghent. |- | 1944-06-11 |20px Vignacourt |12px PR showed the Vignacourt modified site was being completed, which allowed image interpreters to predict sites would be ready to launch V-1s〔 within 3 days |- | 1944-06-11 |20px Saleux |66 modified sites had been photographed. On the 13th just after midnight, the Saleux site launched the first combat V-1 (Hans Kammler visited the Saleux V-1 site on August 10).〔 |- | | RAF Medmenham |20px A special Medmenham image interpretation section for site photographs was set up for Duncan Sandys. |- | 1944-06-13 | 20px | Stray test V2 rocket explodes over Bäckebo Sweden, fired from Peenemünde and aimed at Baltic sea outside island of Bornholm, but overshoots the target area and lands in south Sweden. Remains are shipped to the UK (). |- | 1944-06-17 | Poland |20px 20px An intel report identified apparatus 17053 was sent to Peenemünde from Blizna—launches of Mittelwerk V-2s 17001-17100 (January–April) were at both Peenemünde and Blizna. |- | 1944-06-30 |20px |20px 20px Anglo-American Intelligence had identified Nucourt and Saint-Leu-d'Esserent were underground V-1 storage. On June 15, 55 sites were launching V-1s, and in July, 38 sites launched 316 V-1s over a 24-hour period (25 crashed at launch).〔 By July 10, Arthur Tedder had assigned 30 Crossbow targets to Arthur Harris' RAF Bomber Command, 6 to AEAF tactical airforce, and 68 to Carl Spaatz' USSTAF. Code named NOBALL, the targets numbered as high as 147 (i.e., "no ball V1 site No.147, "). |- | 1944-07-16 | |20px A report misidentified the likely rocket fuel was hydrogen peroxide (T-Stoff), and 12pxattacks were conducted on suspected sources. |- | 1944-07-18 |20px |20px Adolf Hitler ruled the V-2 launch bunker plans could be abandoned. To reduce the risk of espionage and counterattacks, mobile firing batteries were subsequently used for launching and then leaving the site.〔 〕 An alternate concealment plan for firing V-2s just outside of railway tunnels (code named Regenwurm) was also abandoned,〔 as was an earlier plan that had constructed fixed concrete launch pads in clearings of Northern France. |- | 1944-07 | Wright Field |20px Experts fired a V-1 engine reconstructed from "Robot Blitz" wreckage〔 (an entire V-1 was reconstructed at Republic Aviation by September 8).〔U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles, (2009), George Mindling, Robert Bolton ISBN 978-0-557-00029-6〕 |- | 1944-07-21 | |20px The British inaccurately interpreted the July 18–21 effort of 50 air-launched V-1s had been "ground-launched" from the Low Countries, particularly near Ostend. |- | 1944-07-22 | 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「V-1 and V-2 Intelligence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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